2022年考研《英语一》阅读精炼（六）

　　1[.单选题]Text3NASAhashiredairplanemanufacturerLockheedMartintobuilditsnextexperimentalplane,whichisdesignedtoflyfasterthanthespeedofsoundwithoutproducingtheloudsonicboomsthathaveplaguedthetransportationform.Theplaneisduetobedeliveredin2021andwillcostjustshyof$250million.Duringapressconferencehostedbytheagencyduringwhichtheyannouncedthepartnership,LockheedMartinspokespersonDaveRichardsonexplainedthatthenewplanewillbeneitheraprototypeforanewcommercialairplane,norareincamationofprevioussupersonicjets."Thisisapurpose-builtexperimentalresearchcraft,"hesaid."Thisaircraftwasdesignedfromacleansheet."NASAwillusetheplanetogatherdataabouttheimpactofitslow-boomdesign,whichtheagencyhopeswilladdressthesinglebiggestchallengeofsupersonicflight.Flyingfasterthanthespeedofsoundproducesshockwavesthatresultinaloudboomingsound."Theairdoesnotknowthattheairplaneiscoming,"PeterCoen,aNASAprojectmanagerforsupersonictechnology,explainedduringthepressconference,Becausenoonelikedhearingthatnoise,theFederalAviationAdministrationandsimilarinternationalorganizationsbannedsupersonictraveloverland,Now,NASAthinkstechnologycanbreakthesoundbarrierwithoutbeingquitesoloudaboutit.Thesecretisintheshapeoftheplane.Sonicboomsformbecausetheplane'sflightproducesmanyshockwavesofdifferentstrengthsheadedindifferentdirectionsthatabsorbintoeachothertocreatetwostrongpulsesofpressure.Fromthetestingdonesofar,NASAthinksthenewplane'sdesignsuccessfullydissipatesandweakensthoseshockwaves,keepingthemfromformingthestrongpulsesresponsibleforbooms.Theplanewouldstillproducewhatthey'vedubbed"sonicthumps,"butthehopeisthatthosewouldbemucheasiertodealwith.Oncethenewplaneisbuilt,NASAwillrunsurveysonthegroundtoseehowpeoplerespondtothesonicthumps.Then,theagencywillbringthatsurveydatatotheFederalAviationAdministrationanditsintemationalcounterpartsinordertorevisittheruleaboutbreakingthespeedofsoundoverland."It'snotaboutmakinganewairplaneforairplanes'sake,althoughIloveairplanes,"Richardsonsaid."It'saboutthedatathatwillbecollected."Iftherulechangedoescomethrough,thatcouldkickoffaneweraofcommercialsupersonictravel.31.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,theexperimentalplane

　　A.will need an exact budget of$250 million.

　　B.will be put into service in 2021.

　　C.is designed from an entirely new angle.

　　D.is based on a new commercial purpose.

　　[答案]C

　　[解析]事实细节题。根据题干定位到文章第一段和第二段。第二段提到这架新飞机既不是新商用飞机的原型，又不是以前超音速飞机的再生，是一种全 新的设计，C项符合文义，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】第一段最后一句提到这架飞机将于2021年交付，费用将略低于2.5亿美元.A项中的exact-词与原文不符;B项中的putintoseⅣice与deliver意思不符;文章第二段提到新的飞机不是新的商用飞机的原型.D项与原文不符。故均排除。

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　　2[.单选题]Text3NASAhashiredairplanemanufacturerLockheedMartintobuilditsnextexperimentalplane,whichisdesignedtoflyfasterthanthespeedofsoundwithoutproducingtheloudsonicboomsthathaveplaguedthetransportationform.Theplaneisduetobedeliveredin2021andwillcostjustshyof$250million.Duringapressconferencehostedbytheagencyduringwhichtheyannouncedthepartnership,LockheedMartinspokespersonDaveRichardsonexplainedthatthenewplanewillbeneitheraprototypeforanewcommercialairplane,norareincamationofprevioussupersonicjets."Thisisapurpose-builtexperimentalresearchcraft,"hesaid."Thisaircraftwasdesignedfromacleansheet."NASAwillusetheplanetogatherdataabouttheimpactofitslow-boomdesign,whichtheagencyhopeswilladdressthesinglebiggestchallengeofsupersonicflight.Flyingfasterthanthespeedofsoundproducesshockwavesthatresultinaloudboomingsound."Theairdoesnotknowthattheairplaneiscoming,"PeterCoen,aNASAprojectmanagerforsupersonictechnology,explainedduringthepressconference,Becausenoonelikedhearingthatnoise,theFederalAviationAdministrationandsimilarinternationalorganizationsbannedsupersonictraveloverland,Now,NASAthinkstechnologycanbreakthesoundbarrierwithoutbeingquitesoloudaboutit.Thesecretisintheshapeoftheplane.Sonicboomsformbecausetheplane'sflightproducesmanyshockwavesofdifferentstrengthsheadedindifferentdirectionsthatabsorbintoeachothertocreatetwostrongpulsesofpressure.Fromthetestingdonesofar,NASAthinksthenewplane'sdesignsuccessfullydissipatesandweakensthoseshockwaves,keepingthemfromformingthestrongpulsesresponsibleforbooms.Theplanewouldstillproducewhatthey'vedubbed"sonicthumps,"butthehopeisthatthosewouldbemucheasiertodealwith.Oncethenewplaneisbuilt,NASAwillrunsurveysonthegroundtoseehowpeoplerespondtothesonicthumps.Then,theagencywillbringthatsurveydatatotheFederalAviationAdministrationanditsintemationalcounterpartsinordertorevisittheruleaboutbreakingthespeedofsoundoverland."It'snotaboutmakinganewairplaneforairplanes'sake,althoughIloveairplanes,"Richardsonsaid."It'saboutthedatathatwillbecollected."Iftherulechangedoescomethrough,thatcouldkickoffaneweraofcommercialsupersonictravel.32.Thecrucialfactorinthesoundbarrierbreakingtechnologyis

　　A.how to create the strong pulses of pressure.

　　B.how to shape the experimental plane.

　　C.how to run the surveys mentioned.

　　D.how to produce the sonic thumps.

　　[答案]B

　　[解析]事实细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最后一句，“现在，NASA认为技术可以打破音障，大大降低飞行所带来的噪音音量”。接着第五段首句提到“秘密就在飞机的形状上”。B项符合文义，故B项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项、C项和D项与题干无关，故排除。

　　3[.单选题]Text3NASAhashiredairplanemanufacturerLockheedMartintobuilditsnextexperimentalplane,whichisdesignedtoflyfasterthanthespeedofsoundwithoutproducingtheloudsonicboomsthathaveplaguedthetransportationform.Theplaneisduetobedeliveredin2021andwillcostjustshyof$250million.Duringapressconferencehostedbytheagencyduringwhichtheyannouncedthepartnership,LockheedMartinspokespersonDaveRichardsonexplainedthatthenewplanewillbeneitheraprototypeforanewcommercialairplane,norareincamationofprevioussupersonicjets."Thisisapurpose-builtexperimentalresearchcraft,"hesaid."Thisaircraftwasdesignedfromacleansheet."NASAwillusetheplanetogatherdataabouttheimpactofitslow-boomdesign,whichtheagencyhopeswilladdressthesinglebiggestchallengeofsupersonicflight.Flyingfasterthanthespeedofsoundproducesshockwavesthatresultinaloudboomingsound."Theairdoesnotknowthattheairplaneiscoming,"PeterCoen,aNASAprojectmanagerforsupersonictechnology,explainedduringthepressconference,Becausenoonelikedhearingthatnoise,theFederalAviationAdministrationandsimilarinternationalorganizationsbannedsupersonictraveloverland,Now,NASAthinkstechnologycanbreakthesoundbarrierwithoutbeingquitesoloudaboutit.Thesecretisintheshapeoftheplane.Sonicboomsformbecausetheplane'sflightproducesmanyshockwavesofdifferentstrengthsheadedindifferentdirectionsthatabsorbintoeachothertocreatetwostrongpulsesofpressure.Fromthetestingdonesofar,NASAthinksthenewplane'sdesignsuccessfullydissipatesandweakensthoseshockwaves,keepingthemfromformingthestrongpulsesresponsibleforbooms.Theplanewouldstillproducewhatthey'vedubbed"sonicthumps,"butthehopeisthatthosewouldbemucheasiertodealwith.Oncethenewplaneisbuilt,NASAwillrunsurveysonthegroundtoseehowpeoplerespondtothesonicthumps.Then,theagencywillbringthatsurveydatatotheFederalAviationAdministrationanditsintemationalcounterpartsinordertorevisittheruleaboutbreakingthespeedofsoundoverland."It'snotaboutmakinganewairplaneforairplanes'sake,althoughIloveairplanes,"Richardsonsaid."It'saboutthedatathatwillbecollected."Iftherulechangedoescomethrough,thatcouldkickoffaneweraofcommercialsupersonictravel.33.Sonicboomsresultfrom

　　A.the shape ofplane.

　　B.the sonic thumps.

　　C.the strong pulses.

　　D.the sound barrier.

　　[答案]C

　　[解析]事实细节题。根据题干定位到文章第五段。原文提到“音爆形成的原因是飞机的飞行产生了许多不同强度的冲击波，它们向不同的方向移动，相互吸收，形成了两股强大的压力脉冲”，C项是对这句话的归纳总结，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项利用第五段首句作为干扰，但并非题干所问;B项在第六段末句出现，与本题无关;D项与本题无关，属于无关干扰。

　　4[.单选题]Text1Giantcorporationsoftenclaimtobe"green,"pointingtoprogramsthey'veundertakenaimedatbeingenvironmentallyconscious.Butsometimestheseeffortsdon'treallyamounttomuch.Theycanbenomorethan'igrcenwashing,"apublicrelationseffortthatdoesn'trepresentanyfundamentalshiftinthinking.Butsuchachangemayactuallybegoingonamongseveraloftheworld'slargestfossilfuelcompanies,namcssuchasExxonMobil,Shell,andBP.Oneofthebiggestreasons:pressurefromthecompanies'sharcholdcrs.Investorsarcaskingcorporationstomakemoretransparenttheeffectsclimatechangewillhaveontheirbusinesses,aswellasexplainwhattheyaredoingtoreducetheirgreenhousegasemissions.Whilesharcholdcrmotivcsarecerlainlyaimedathelpingintheworldwidefightagainstglobalwarming,theyalsorepresentapracticalneedtobetterunderstandacompany'sprospects.IftheburningofoilandgasisgrcailycurtailedasaresultoftheDecember2015intemationalParisclimateagreement,forexample,howmightthataffectthebottomlineofacorporationwhosechiefsourceofrevenueisextractingandsellingcarbon-emittingoilandgas?Or,conversely,howisacompanyplanningtotakeadvantageofthebusinessopportunitiesthatemergefromashiftawayfromfossilfuels?ClimateAction100+,forexample,isashareholderactiongroupthatisaskingcorporationstomakestrongercommitmentstomeetingthe80percentcutincarbonemissionsproposedbytheParisagreementsignedtwoyearsagobynearly200nations.Some225investmentgroupswhomanagemorethanS26.3trillionhavesignedoninsupport.Lastweek,intemationalenergygiantExxonMobilsaiditwillstepupitsreportingtoshareholdersandthepublicabouttheimpactsclimatechangewillhaveonitsbusiness,includinganyexpectedincreasedrisks.ThenewpolicyfollowsavotebyExxonMobilinvestorsatthecompany'sannualmeetinginMaythatcalledforayearlyassessmentoftheeffectsofclimatechangeonthecompany.ThenewpositionrepresentsaseachangeforExxonMobil,whichuntiltheearly2000shaddisputedtheneedtotakeactiononclimatechange.Aroundtheworldnationalgovemmentsareshapingnewpoliciesinanefforttoreducegreenhousegasemissionstoalevelthatwillnotallowglobaltemperaturestorisemorethan2degreesCelsius.IntheU,S.,individualstatesandcitiesarepursuinglawsuitsagainstcompaniesthatfailtodealresponsiblywithgreenhousegasemissions,whichtheycontendharmthepublic.24.What'sExxonMobil'sattitudetowardtakingactiononclimatechange?

　　A.Biased.

　　B.Objective.

　　C.Indifferent.

　　D.Supportive.

　　[答案]D

　　[解析]态度方向题。根据定位词定位到第六段，文中提到埃克森美孚在21世纪初之前一直对采取行动应对气候变化的必要性提出异议，之后其采取了新的立场，并积极应对气候变化，由此可知埃克森美孚支持为应对气候变化而采取行动，故D项为正确答案。【干扰排除】根据以上分析可知，A项、B项和C项均不符合文义，故排除。

　　5[.单选题]Text1Giantcorporationsoftenclaimtobe"green,"pointingtoprogramsthey'veundertakenaimedatbeingenvironmentallyconscious.Butsometimestheseeffortsdon'treallyamounttomuch.Theycanbenomorethan'igrcenwashing,"apublicrelationseffortthatdoesn'trepresentanyfundamentalshiftinthinking.Butsuchachangemayactuallybegoingonamongseveraloftheworld'slargestfossilfuelcompanies,namcssuchasExxonMobil,Shell,andBP.Oneofthebiggestreasons:pressurefromthecompanies'sharcholdcrs.Investorsarcaskingcorporationstomakemoretransparenttheeffectsclimatechangewillhaveontheirbusinesses,aswellasexplainwhattheyaredoingtoreducetheirgreenhousegasemissions.Whilesharcholdcrmotivcsarecerlainlyaimedathelpingintheworldwidefightagainstglobalwarming,theyalsorepresentapracticalneedtobetterunderstandacompany'sprospects.IftheburningofoilandgasisgrcailycurtailedasaresultoftheDecember2015intemationalParisclimateagreement,forexample,howmightthataffectthebottomlineofacorporationwhosechiefsourceofrevenueisextractingandsellingcarbon-emittingoilandgas?Or,conversely,howisacompanyplanningtotakeadvantageofthebusinessopportunitiesthatemergefromashiftawayfromfossilfuels?ClimateAction100+,forexample,isashareholderactiongroupthatisaskingcorporationstomakestrongercommitmentstomeetingthe80percentcutincarbonemissionsproposedbytheParisagreementsignedtwoyearsagobynearly200nations.Some225investmentgroupswhomanagemorethanS26.3trillionhavesignedoninsupport.Lastweek,intemationalenergygiantExxonMobilsaiditwillstepupitsreportingtoshareholdersandthepublicabouttheimpactsclimatechangewillhaveonitsbusiness,includinganyexpectedincreasedrisks.ThenewpolicyfollowsavotebyExxonMobilinvestorsatthecompany'sannualmeetinginMaythatcalledforayearlyassessmentoftheeffectsofclimatechangeonthecompany.ThenewpositionrepresentsaseachangeforExxonMobil,whichuntiltheearly2000shaddisputedtheneedtotakeactiononclimatechange.Aroundtheworldnationalgovemmentsareshapingnewpoliciesinanefforttoreducegreenhousegasemissionstoalevelthatwillnotallowglobaltemperaturestorisemorethan2degreesCelsius.IntheU,S.,individualstatesandcitiesarepursuinglawsuitsagainstcompaniesthatfailtodealresponsiblywithgreenhousegasemissions,whichtheycontendharmthepublic.23.Theword"curtailed"(Para.3)mostprobablymeans

　　A.limited.

　　B.forbidden.

　　C.improved.

　　D.affected.

　　[答案]A

　　[解析]词汇理解题。根据定位词定位到文章第三段。根据2015年12月的巴黎国际气候协议，石油和天然气的燃烧量肯定是由于受到了限制而减少的，故A项为正确答案。【干扰排除】根据以上分析可知，B项“禁止”、C项“提高”和D项“影响”与原文不符，故排除。

　　6[.单选题]Text1Giantcorporationsoftenclaimtobe"green,"pointingtoprogramsthey'veundertakenaimedatbeingenvironmentallyconscious.Butsometimestheseeffortsdon'treallyamounttomuch.Theycanbenomorethan'igrcenwashing,"apublicrelationseffortthatdoesn'trepresentanyfundamentalshiftinthinking.Butsuchachangemayactuallybegoingonamongseveraloftheworld'slargestfossilfuelcompanies,namcssuchasExxonMobil,Shell,andBP.Oneofthebiggestreasons:pressurefromthecompanies'sharcholdcrs.Investorsarcaskingcorporationstomakemoretransparenttheeffectsclimatechangewillhaveontheirbusinesses,aswellasexplainwhattheyaredoingtoreducetheirgreenhousegasemissions.Whilesharcholdcrmotivcsarecerlainlyaimedathelpingintheworldwidefightagainstglobalwarming,theyalsorepresentapracticalneedtobetterunderstandacompany'sprospects.IftheburningofoilandgasisgrcailycurtailedasaresultoftheDecember2015intemationalParisclimateagreement,forexample,howmightthataffectthebottomlineofacorporationwhosechiefsourceofrevenueisextractingandsellingcarbon-emittingoilandgas?Or,conversely,howisacompanyplanningtotakeadvantageofthebusinessopportunitiesthatemergefromashiftawayfromfossilfuels?ClimateAction100+,forexample,isashareholderactiongroupthatisaskingcorporationstomakestrongercommitmentstomeetingthe80percentcutincarbonemissionsproposedbytheParisagreementsignedtwoyearsagobynearly200nations.Some225investmentgroupswhomanagemorethanS26.3trillionhavesignedoninsupport.Lastweek,intemationalenergygiantExxonMobilsaiditwillstepupitsreportingtoshareholdersandthepublicabouttheimpactsclimatechangewillhaveonitsbusiness,includinganyexpectedincreasedrisks.ThenewpolicyfollowsavotebyExxonMobilinvestorsatthecompany'sannualmeetinginMaythatcalledforayearlyassessmentoftheeffectsofclimatechangeonthecompany.ThenewpositionrepresentsaseachangeforExxonMobil,whichuntiltheearly2000shaddisputedtheneedtotakeactiononclimatechange.Aroundtheworldnationalgovemmentsareshapingnewpoliciesinanefforttoreducegreenhousegasemissionstoalevelthatwillnotallowglobaltemperaturestorisemorethan2degreesCelsius.IntheU,S.,individualstatesandcitiesarepursuinglawsuitsagainstcompaniesthatfailtodealresponsiblywithgreenhousegasemissions,whichtheycontendharmthepublic.25.TheU.S.isquotedtoindicate

　　A.its great achievement in dealing with climate change.

　　B.greenhouse gas emissions have been under control.

　　C.countries are striving to cope with climate change.

　　D.it has rules and laws against greenhouse gas emissions

　　[答案]C

　　[解析]推理判断题。根据定位词定位到文章第七段，一般文中所列举的例子都是为了论证例子上下文提到的论点，由此可知，引用美国的例子是为了论证其上文所提出的论点：各国政府都在制定新政策，努力应对气候变化。故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】文章最后一段说各国政府都在制定新的政策，努力应对气候变化，并以美国为例，表明各国对应对气候变化所做的努力。文中并没有说在应对气候变化上取得了巨大成就，也未说温室气体排放已得到控制以及有禁止温室气体排放的规定和法律.A、B、D项均属于无中生有，故均排除。

　　7[.单选题]Text4Asthenationexperiencesoneoftheworstfluseasonsinyears,thousandsofAmericanshavealreadydiedfrominfluenza,accordingtotheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.ThoughtheseasonpeakedinFebruary,theCDCrecentlywarnedthatweshouldprepareforasecondwaveofcasestohitbeforeweemergefromtheseasonentirely.Now,itappearsmorethan50,000coulddiefromtheflubeforetheseasonends.Perhapsmosttroublingisthatthisyearmarksacenturysincethedeadliestviraloutbreakinhumanhistory,whichclaimedthelivesof670,000Americanmen,womenandchildrenandasmanyas50to100millionpeopleworldwide.Amongthelessonsmedicalresearchersgleanedfromthecatastrophiceventisthecriticalimportanceofgettingvaccinated.It'salessonthatmuchofthepubliccontinuestoignore,evenasourscientificunderstandingofcommunicablediseasescontinuestogrow.-Thestrainintlusfluseason,H3N2,isparticularlynasty.It'ssimilartotheHINlstrainthatsetoffthe1918influenzapandemic,andithasresultedinhighratesofdeath,particularlyamongtheelderly.ResearchershavestruggledtocreateeffectivevaccinesfortheH3N2strain;thisyear'sfluvaccineisonlyabout36percenteffectiveatprotectingagainstthevirus,comparedtoanaverageof45percentoverthepastsevenyears.Nonetheless,itdoesprovidesomeprotection,andtheunvaccinatedarehitmuchharderwithoutit.Earlierthisyear,ahealthyyoungmanfromPittsburghdidnotgetvaccinatedanddiedsoonafiergettingtheflu.Whilelowvaccineefficacymeansthatthosewhogetvaccinatedcanstillcontracttheflu,itremainscommonsenseandgoodcivicbehaviortogetvaccinated.Asaresultofherdimmunity,evenlowefficacyvaccinesareenoughtocurbapandemicfromhappeningifvaccinationratesarehigh.Fluvaccinesdidnotexistduringthepandemicof1918,whichiswhyitwassodeadly.YetyearafteryearfewAmericansbothertogetvaccinated.Ineconomicterms,theherdimmunitybenefitsofvaccinationarea"publicgood."IfIamvaccinated,IcannotexcludeanyonefromtheherdimmunitythatInowoffer.Similarly,someoneenjoyingmyherdimmunitydoesnotdiminishsomeoneelse'sabilitytoenjoymyherdimmunity.Whattypicallyhappenswhenapublicgoodlikethefluvaccineisavailableisthatmany,perhapsmost,peopleunderinvest.Theyfreerideoffotherpeoplewhogetthevaccine.Iftoomanypeopleoptoutofvaccination,communitiesbecomewlnerabletofluepidemics.AccordingtotheCDC,only38percentofthepopulationchosetogetvaccinatedasofNovember2017.Lowratesofvaccinationareparticularlydangerousforchildrenandtheelderly,whoareespeciallysusceptibletoinfluenza.Asindividuals,wehaveveUlittlecontroloverthestrainofthefluthatemergesinagivenyear,ortheefficacyofavaccine,butwedohavecompletecontroloverwhetherwegetvaccinated.Thepublic'sresponsetoabadfiuoutbreakortolowvaccineefficacyshouldbeanincreaseinfluvaccinations,notadecrease.37.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisrightaboutH3N2?

　　A.We have learned enough ofit.

　　B.lt's a kind of virus with the highest fatality rate.

　　C.It claimed more lives ofits victims for its severity.

　　D.The vaccine efficacy was not high enough to control it.

　　[答案]C

　　[解析]事实细节题。根据题干定位到文章第三段和第四段。C项中的severity和claimedmorelivesofitsvictims是文中nasty和highratesofdeath的同义替换，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】第三段首句提到即使我们对传染病的科学认识持续加深，并非A项所述，故A项错误;B项文中未提及，属于无中生有;第四段最后一句提到，在疫苗接种率很高的情况下，即使是低效力的疫苗也足以遏制流感的流行，D项与此文义相反，故排除。

　　8[.单选题]Text4Asthenationexperiencesoneoftheworstfluseasonsinyears,thousandsofAmericanshavealreadydiedfrominfluenza,accordingtotheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.ThoughtheseasonpeakedinFebruary,theCDCrecentlywarnedthatweshouldprepareforasecondwaveofcasestohitbeforeweemergefromtheseasonentirely.Now,itappearsmorethan50,000coulddiefromtheflubeforetheseasonends.Perhapsmosttroublingisthatthisyearmarksacenturysincethedeadliestviraloutbreakinhumanhistory,whichclaimedthelivesof670,000Americanmen,womenandchildrenandasmanyas50to100millionpeopleworldwide.Amongthelessonsmedicalresearchersgleanedfromthecatastrophiceventisthecriticalimportanceofgettingvaccinated.It'salessonthatmuchofthepubliccontinuestoignore,evenasourscientificunderstandingofcommunicablediseasescontinuestogrow.-Thestrainintlusfluseason,H3N2,isparticularlynasty.It'ssimilartotheHINlstrainthatsetoffthe1918influenzapandemic,andithasresultedinhighratesofdeath,particularlyamongtheelderly.ResearchershavestruggledtocreateeffectivevaccinesfortheH3N2strain;thisyear'sfluvaccineisonlyabout36percenteffectiveatprotectingagainstthevirus,comparedtoanaverageof45percentoverthepastsevenyears.Nonetheless,itdoesprovidesomeprotection,andtheunvaccinatedarehitmuchharderwithoutit.Earlierthisyear,ahealthyyoungmanfromPittsburghdidnotgetvaccinatedanddiedsoonafiergettingtheflu.Whilelowvaccineefficacymeansthatthosewhogetvaccinatedcanstillcontracttheflu,itremainscommonsenseandgoodcivicbehaviortogetvaccinated.Asaresultofherdimmunity,evenlowefficacyvaccinesareenoughtocurbapandemicfromhappeningifvaccinationratesarehigh.Fluvaccinesdidnotexistduringthepandemicof1918,whichiswhyitwassodeadly.YetyearafteryearfewAmericansbothertogetvaccinated.Ineconomicterms,theherdimmunitybenefitsofvaccinationarea"publicgood."IfIamvaccinated,IcannotexcludeanyonefromtheherdimmunitythatInowoffer.Similarly,someoneenjoyingmyherdimmunitydoesnotdiminishsomeoneelse'sabilitytoenjoymyherdimmunity.Whattypicallyhappenswhenapublicgoodlikethefluvaccineisavailableisthatmany,perhapsmost,peopleunderinvest.Theyfreerideoffotherpeoplewhogetthevaccine.Iftoomanypeopleoptoutofvaccination,communitiesbecomewlnerabletofluepidemics.AccordingtotheCDC,only38percentofthepopulationchosetogetvaccinatedasofNovember2017.Lowratesofvaccinationareparticularlydangerousforchildrenandtheelderly,whoareespeciallysusceptibletoinfluenza.Asindividuals,wehaveveUlittlecontroloverthestrainofthefluthatemergesinagivenyear,ortheefficacyofavaccine,butwedohavecompletecontroloverwhetherwegetvaccinated.Thepublic'sresponsetoabadfiuoutbreakortolowvaccineefficacyshouldbeanincreaseinfluvaccinations,notadecrease.36.Wecaninferfromthefirstparagraphthat

　　A.it is not difficult to control the influenza.

　　B.the second wave of cases may be impending.

　　C.the influenza reached its peak in February.

　　D.50 thousand people died from the flu.

　　[答案]B

　　[解析]推理判断题。根据题干定位到文章第一段。文章提到，在我们完全摆脱流感季节之前，应该做好第二波患病高峰来临的准备，B项属于合理推断，故B项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项原文未提及，属于无中生有;C项为原文事实，属于事实干扰;D项时态错误，文章是说可能会有5万多人死于流感，是一种可能发生的后果，而选项说的是既定事实，故排除。

　　9[.单选题]Text4Asthenationexperiencesoneoftheworstfluseasonsinyears,thousandsofAmericanshavealreadydiedfrominfluenza,accordingtotheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.ThoughtheseasonpeakedinFebruary,theCDCrecentlywarnedthatweshouldprepareforasecondwaveofcasestohitbeforeweemergefromtheseasonentirely.Now,itappearsmorethan50,000coulddiefromtheflubeforetheseasonends.Perhapsmosttroublingisthatthisyearmarksacenturysincethedeadliestviraloutbreakinhumanhistory,whichclaimedthelivesof670,000Americanmen,womenandchildrenandasmanyas50to100millionpeopleworldwide.Amongthelessonsmedicalresearchersgleanedfromthecatastrophiceventisthecriticalimportanceofgettingvaccinated.It'salessonthatmuchofthepubliccontinuestoignore,evenasourscientificunderstandingofcommunicablediseasescontinuestogrow.-Thestrainintlusfluseason,H3N2,isparticularlynasty.It'ssimilartotheHINlstrainthatsetoffthe1918influenzapandemic,andithasresultedinhighratesofdeath,particularlyamongtheelderly.ResearchershavestruggledtocreateeffectivevaccinesfortheH3N2strain;thisyear'sfluvaccineisonlyabout36percenteffectiveatprotectingagainstthevirus,comparedtoanaverageof45percentoverthepastsevenyears.Nonetheless,itdoesprovidesomeprotection,andtheunvaccinatedarehitmuchharderwithoutit.Earlierthisyear,ahealthyyoungmanfromPittsburghdidnotgetvaccinatedanddiedsoonafiergettingtheflu.Whilelowvaccineefficacymeansthatthosewhogetvaccinatedcanstillcontracttheflu,itremainscommonsenseandgoodcivicbehaviortogetvaccinated.Asaresultofherdimmunity,evenlowefficacyvaccinesareenoughtocurbapandemicfromhappeningifvaccinationratesarehigh.Fluvaccinesdidnotexistduringthepandemicof1918,whichiswhyitwassodeadly.YetyearafteryearfewAmericansbothertogetvaccinated.Ineconomicterms,theherdimmunitybenefitsofvaccinationarea"publicgood."IfIamvaccinated,IcannotexcludeanyonefromtheherdimmunitythatInowoffer.Similarly,someoneenjoyingmyherdimmunitydoesnotdiminishsomeoneelse'sabilitytoenjoymyherdimmunity.Whattypicallyhappenswhenapublicgoodlikethefluvaccineisavailableisthatmany,perhapsmost,peopleunderinvest.Theyfreerideoffotherpeoplewhogetthevaccine.Iftoomanypeopleoptoutofvaccination,communitiesbecomewlnerabletofluepidemics.AccordingtotheCDC,only38percentofthepopulationchosetogetvaccinatedasofNovember2017.Lowratesofvaccinationareparticularlydangerousforchildrenandtheelderly,whoareespeciallysusceptibletoinfluenza.Asindividuals,wehaveveUlittlecontroloverthestrainofthefluthatemergesinagivenyear,ortheefficacyofavaccine,butwedohavecompletecontroloverwhetherwegetvaccinated.Thepublic'sresponsetoabadfiuoutbreakortolowvaccineefficacyshouldbeanincreaseinfluvaccinations,notadecrease.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

　　A.Take Flu Vaccination More Seriously

　　B.Develop Higher Efficacy Flu Vaccines

　　C.Receive More Vaccines

　　D.Tackle the Flu Outbreak

　　[答案]A

　　[解析]主旨大意题。第一段、第二段和第三段讲述了此次流感的严峻性，并引出接种疫苗的重要性。第四段说明在疫苗接种率很高的情况下，由于群体免疫，即使是低效力的疫苗也足以抑制流感流行。第五段和第六段从正反两方面说明接种疫苗的好处。第七段进一步呼吁人们认真对待流感疫苗接种，提高疫苗接种率。综上所述，A项为正确答案。【干扰排除】B项、C项和D项属于文章细节，不能概括全文，因此应当排除。

　　10[.单选题]Text1Giantcorporationsoftenclaimtobe"green,"pointingtoprogramsthey'veundertakenaimedatbeingenvironmentallyconscious.Butsometimestheseeffortsdon'treallyamounttomuch.Theycanbenomorethan'igrcenwashing,"apublicrelationseffortthatdoesn'trepresentanyfundamentalshiftinthinking.Butsuchachangemayactuallybegoingonamongseveraloftheworld'slargestfossilfuelcompanies,namcssuchasExxonMobil,Shell,andBP.Oneofthebiggestreasons:pressurefromthecompanies'sharcholdcrs.Investorsarcaskingcorporationstomakemoretransparenttheeffectsclimatechangewillhaveontheirbusinesses,aswellasexplainwhattheyaredoingtoreducetheirgreenhousegasemissions.Whilesharcholdcrmotivcsarecerlainlyaimedathelpingintheworldwidefightagainstglobalwarming,theyalsorepresentapracticalneedtobetterunderstandacompany'sprospects.IftheburningofoilandgasisgrcailycurtailedasaresultoftheDecember2015intemationalParisclimateagreement,forexample,howmightthataffectthebottomlineofacorporationwhosechiefsourceofrevenueisextractingandsellingcarbon-emittingoilandgas?Or,conversely,howisacompanyplanningtotakeadvantageofthebusinessopportunitiesthatemergefromashiftawayfromfossilfuels?ClimateAction100+,forexample,isashareholderactiongroupthatisaskingcorporationstomakestrongercommitmentstomeetingthe80percentcutincarbonemissionsproposedbytheParisagreementsignedtwoyearsagobynearly200nations.Some225investmentgroupswhomanagemorethanS26.3trillionhavesignedoninsupport.Lastweek,intemationalenergygiantExxonMobilsaiditwillstepupitsreportingtoshareholdersandthepublicabouttheimpactsclimatechangewillhaveonitsbusiness,includinganyexpectedincreasedrisks.ThenewpolicyfollowsavotebyExxonMobilinvestorsatthecompany'sannualmeetinginMaythatcalledforayearlyassessmentoftheeffectsofclimatechangeonthecompany.ThenewpositionrepresentsaseachangeforExxonMobil,whichuntiltheearly2000shaddisputedtheneedtotakeactiononclimatechange.Aroundtheworldnationalgovemmentsareshapingnewpoliciesinanefforttoreducegreenhousegasemissionstoalevelthatwillnotallowglobaltemperaturestorisemorethan2degreesCelsius.IntheU,S.,individualstatesandcitiesarepursuinglawsuitsagainstcompaniesthatfailtodealresponsiblywithgreenhousegasemissions,whichtheycontendharmthepublic.21.Bigcorporationsarefarawayfrom"green"because

　　A.they rarely do anything meaningful.

　　B.they don't have any fundamental shift.

　　C.they have poor public relations.

　　D.they lack fundamental changes in thinking

　　[答案]D

　　[解析]事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章第一段。第一段最后一句说明了大公司离“绿色”还很远的原因.即他们所做的努力只不过是“漂绿”，仅仅是为了公共关系，并不代表任何思维方面的根本转变.D项与此文义相符，故D项为正确答案。【干扰排除】原文说它们所开展的环保项目没有什么意义，但是并来说它们很少做有意义的事情，A项属于无中生有;原文说它们在思想上未做出根本转变.B项中“任何”一阋范围过大;C项原文未提及。故均排除。