Suggested answers and explanations
1. washing, brushing, varnishing 见第一段。
2. handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two ) 见第二段。
3. losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination ( any one of the three) 见第八段 “Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in” (答being contaminated或 contamination比较保险)
4. they are porous porous 的意思是多孔的。见第八段 “。。。 which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones.”
5. human evolution 见第十五段。其中“shed light on sth”的意思是使某事显得非常清楚,使人了解某事。
6. 4 分别为第四段的“an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs”,即欧洲野牛,已经绝迹;第十一段 “Neanderthal”, 是人类学用语,尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类;第十四段“woolly mammoth”和“cave bear”,其中mammoth是猛犸,一种古哺乳动物。
7. T 见第二段。
8. T 见第四段 “Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year- old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.” 即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。
9. NG
10. F 见第十二段第一、二句话。
11. T 见第十二段末句 “But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations — just in case.” 意即为保险起见,Paabo还是非常希望见到用Geigl建议的方法保存的化石样本。“just in case” 的意思是以防万一,就是Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。
12. A 见第三段。This information就是前一句中 “。。。 just how important conservation practices can be” (to preserve good DNA)。“be hammered”之中hammer一词的意思是不断重复强调。
13. D 面信息。需要理解文章各处关于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究