阅读理解
(2015·南京模拟)
This is VOA. The National Cryptologic Museum is on Fort George G. Meade, a military base near Washington, DC. The method of hiding exact meanings is called coding. People have used secret codes throughout history to protect important information. The National Cryptologic Museum celebrated 60 years of cryptologic excellence in 2012. One event there marked the sixtieth anniversary of the National Security Agency. Two former NSA workers shared their memories of operating a code machine called Sigaba.
In 1940, an American woman named Genevieve Grotjan found some information being repeated in Japanese coded messages. Her discovery helped the United States understand secret Japanese diplomatic messages. After the United States understood the code, it was possible to study messages from the Japanese ambassador to Germany and to his supervisors in Japan.
Understanding these messages helped the United States prepare for a possible war in the Pacific with Japan. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the American naval commander in the Pacific Ocean was Chester Nimitz. His forces were much smaller than the Japanese Naval forces. And the Japanese had been winning many victories. Joseph Rochefort had worked for several months to read the secret Japanese Naval code called JN-25. If he could understand enough of the code, he would be able to give Admiral Nimitz very valuable information.
From the beginning of 1942, the Japanese code discussed a place called “AF. ”Joseph Rochefort felt the Japanese were planning an important battle aimed at “AF. ”After several weeks, he and other naval experts told Admiral Nimitz that their best idea was that the “AF” in the Japanese code was the American-held island of Midway. Admiral Nimitz said he must have more information to prepare for such an attack.
The Navy experts decided to trick Japan. They told the American military force on Midway to broadcast a false message. The message said the island was having problems with its water-processing equipment. The message asked that fresh water be sent to the island immediately. This message was not sent in code.
Several days later, a Japanese radio broadcast in the JN-25 code said that “AF” had little water. Joseph Rochefort had the evidence he needed. “AF” was now known to be the island of Midway. He also told Admiral Nimitz the Japanese would attack Midway on June 13. The battle that followed was a huge American victory. That victory was possible because Joseph Rochefort learned to read enough of the Japanese code to discover the meaning of the letters “AF”.
One American code has never been broken. Perhaps it never will. It was used in the Pacific during World WarⅡ. For many years the government would not discuss this secret code. Listen for a moment to this very unusual code. Then you may understand why the Japanese military forces were never able to understand any of it.
The code is in the voice of a Native American. The man you just heard is singing a simple song in the Navajo language. Very few people outside the Navajo nation are able to speak any of their very difficult language.
At the beginning of World WarⅡ, the United States Marine Corps asked members of the Navajo tribe to train as Code Talkers.
The Cryptologic Museum says the Marine Corps Code Talkers could take a sentence in English and change it into their language in about 20 seconds. A code machine needed about 30 minutes to do the same work.
The Navajo Code Talkers took part in every battle the Marines entered in the Pacific during World WarⅡ. The Japanese were very skilled at breaking codes. But they were never able to understand any of what they called “The Marine Code. ”
The Cryptologic Museum has many pieces of mechanical and electric equipment used to change words into code. It also has almost as many examples of machines used to try to change code back into useful words.
【文章大意】2012年国家密码博物馆庆祝其60年卓越的密码逻辑, 这个事件标志着国家安全局成立了60周年, 两位前国家安全局员工分享了他们操作名叫Sigaba密码机的记忆。
1. The NSA was founded ________ .
A. in 1940 B. 1942
C. in 1952 D. in 2012
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据文章第一段The National Cryptologic Museum celebrated 60 years of cryptologic excellence in 2012. One event there marked the sixtieth anniversary of the National Security Agency. 可知。
2. According to the passage, which one is NOT right?
A. “Cryptologic” implies containing some hidden information.
B. The US decoded “AF” and won the victory in Midway Islands.
C. Both Rochefort and Nimitz were American navy commanders.
D. The US Marine Corps was fallen for in Midway Islands battle.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文章第六段The battle that followed was a huge American victory. That victory was possible because Joseph Rochefort learned to read enough of the Japanese code to discover the meaning of the letters “AF”. 可知。
3. The Americans used the Navajo language in their coding system during World WarⅡ for the reason that ________ . A. it was the most beautiful language in the world
B. it was commonly used in coding system worldwide
C. the United States Marine Corps invented it then
D. unusual language was successfully used for codes
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文章第八段Very few people outside the Navajo nation are able to speak any of their very difficult language. 可知。
4. This passage is probably adapted from ________ .
A. an evening paper B. a science fictionC. a broadcasting program D. a travel guidebook
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据文章第一段This is VOA. 可知。
【技法导练】
把握文章特点, 破解文章出处
1. 报纸(newspaper): 报纸时事性比较强, 前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
2. 广告(advertisement): 因其用词和格式特殊, 容易辨认。
3. 说明(instructions): 器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方法, 而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。
4. 网站(website): 介绍时事或其他信息, 如果有click here等字眼那就肯定是网上文章。
5. 杂志(magazine): 在文章的结构上, 开头总说, 再分别介绍, 最后评论一般为杂志类的文章, 再从文章内容确定为哪一类杂志, 如旅游、经济、娱乐或科学类。
6. 教科书(textbook): 教科书一般比较严谨, 高考文章一般不会选自教科书。
7. 日记(diary): 从格式上很容易辨认。
8. 报告(report): 有商业报告、学术报告和科学报告等。
9. 导游手册(guide): 一般为景点介绍, 常含有票价、开放时间等信息。
10. 广播节目(broadcasting program): 介绍时事或其他信息, 文中会出现BBC, broadcast, The news read by. . . , That’s the end of the news from. . . , You are listening to the news from. . . 等提示语。
以阅读理解为例:
题号 内容 答案 4 This is VOA. C(a broadcasting program)
