一、定语从句
1. 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);第三选择
合适的关联词。
2. 定语从句在选择关连词 that 与 which 时，常常容易出错，所以应记住什么时候只能用 that，什么时候只能用which.
(1).只能用 that 的情况归纳 4 种：即先得词被序数词最高级修饰过;先行词为 all 、everything、nothing 等不定代词;先行词同时是人和物并列时;最后先行词分别被 the only 、the very the same、the last 修饰。请看下列四组例句，注意其先行词：
①.The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan .
②.I t almost seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all that he knew at this lesson .
③.Later my father and Mr.Crosset talked for about half an four of things and persons that they remembered in school.
④.This is the very dictionary that I want to find .
(2).只用 which is 情况有两种情况：一是非限制性定语从句，关连词要用 which;二是做介词宾语时只能用
which。请看下列两组例句：
I said nothing , which made him more angry .
I have the book about which you are talking .
三、在定语从句的非限制性定语中，which 和 as 是容易混淆的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换，但在下列情况中不可互换：
1、通常 As 可以放在整句的句首，而 which，只能在逗号之后，as 本身含有“正如”，as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语
As appear from her paper ,she has read widely in Romantic literature.
She is remarkable, as I have told you .
2、 which 在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词，指前句整个的意思，如：she has warried again,which surprises us .
四、在定语从句中，许多人往往分不清 all that 和 what,what 实际上只引导名词性从句，它相当于 all that 两个字， 例如：
All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.
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种类 |
先行词 |
关联词 |
例 句 |
说 明 |
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定语从句 |
人或物的 |
whose |
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams 那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。 The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. 那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。 =The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired |
whose 在从句中做定语 指某人的也可以用… of whom 代替 whose 指物时也可以用…of which 代 替 whose |
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人或 |
that |
The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang. 正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。 I’d like to see the films that are just on show. 我想看那些刚上映的电影。 |
that 指人做主语 that 指物做主语 | ||
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种类 |
先行词 |
关联词 |
例 句 |
说 明 | |
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物 mallu,chlitt和le some,an y every ,no 构 成 的合 成 代词 人或物 |
They talked for about an hour of things and |
先行词分别表示人 | |||
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persons that they remember in the school. 他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事， |
和物，关系代词要用 that， 不用 who 或 | ||||
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that |
谈了大约有半个小时。 I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it . 我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？ |
which 先行词表示物，关系代 词用 that 不用 which, 在从句中做 宾语可省去 。如果 | |||
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I’ve brought everything (that )you need. 我把你需要的东西都拿来了。 |
先行词是人时，关系 代词不受制约， 用 | ||||
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that 或 who (whom) 均可 | |||||
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that |
This is the best film that I have seen . 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。 |
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The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library. 我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆 |
先行词被形容词最 高级或序数词修饰 | ||||
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时定语从句用 that 引导。 | |||||
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定语从句 |
人 或物 |
that |
He is the only person that is believable. 他是唯一可靠的人。 John is the very person that she wants to see. 约翰正是她要见的人。 |
先行词被 the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that. | |
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Who is the man that is talking with Tom ? 正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？ |
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Which of the books that you bought is easy to read? 你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。 |
当 主 句 以 who 、 which 开头的特殊疑 问句时，定语从句要 | ||||
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用 that | |||||
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时间 |
when |
He came at a time when we. needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。 |
在定语从句中作时 间状语 | ||
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We’ll never forget the day when the People’s |
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Republic of China was founded. 我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那 |
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一天。 |
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注：先行词是 time, minute, moment, next tim 很少用关系副词 when,可用 that 但通常省去。
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地点 |
where |
This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。 |
在定语从句中作地点状语 |
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原因 理由 |
why |
I know the reason why she studies so well . 我知道她学习好的原因。 |
在定语从句中作原因状语 |
八、名词性从句
知识要点：
1、熟悉并掌握各个连接词、关系代词和连接副词的用法。
2、熟悉并掌握复合句即名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)，定语从句和状语从句。什么叫复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
从句通常是用关联词来引导的。在这里关联词还起联系从句和主句的作用。
主从复合句(Complex Sentences) 一、从句的种类：
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1、名词性从句Noun Clauses |
主语从句（Subject Clauses） |
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表语从句（Predicative Clauses） | |
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宾语从句（Object Clauses） | |
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同位语从句（Appositive Clauses） | |
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2、定语从句 |
（Attributive Clauses） |
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3、状语从句 |
（Adverbial Clauses） |
注：以 it 作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用的句型有：
(1)It + be + 形容词 + that 从句
(2)It + be + 名词词组 + that 从句
(3)It + be + 过去分词 + that 从句
(4) It seem, happen 等不及物动词 + that 从句二、常用的关联词
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1、从属连词 |
that（无词义）；whether 是否；if 假如，是否 |
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although(though)虽然；because 因为 | |
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when 当…时候；before 在…前；after 在…后 | |
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since 既然，自从；as 正如，尽管，一边，由于；while 在…期间 | |
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as soon as 一…就；as long as 只要；as if 好像 | |
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2、连接代词 |
who, whom, which, what, whose |
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3、连接副词 |
when, where, why, how |
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4、关系代词 |
who, whom, whose, which, that |
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5、关系副词 |
when, where, why |
1、主语从句：
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种类 |
关联词 |
例 句 |
说 明 | |
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主语从句 |
连 词 |
that |
That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 |
that 在句首不可省去 |
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whether |
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 |
主 语 从 句 中 只 能 用 whether 不可用 if。 | ||
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连 接代词 |
who what which whatever |
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁 能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 |
主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。 | |
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连 接副词 |
when where why how |
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 | ||
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种类 |
关联词 |
例 句 |
说 明 | |
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从 句 |
意义 |
what, when, where, why, how,whoever, whatever, whichever |
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 |
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注 1 |
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩 罚。 |
如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，将从句后置。 | ||
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注 2 |
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他 不会这样做。 |
think, believe, imagine, suppose 等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移动主句中。 | ||
3、表语从句：
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种类 |
关联词 |
例 句 |
说 明 | |
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表语从 句 |
连 词 |
that whether as if |
The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。 |
在非正式的文体中 that 可以省去。 |
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连 接代词 |
who what which |
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 |
表语从句位于主句系动词之后 | |
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连 接副词 |
when where why how |
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 | ||
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名词性从句包括四种从句即主语从句、表词从句、宾语从句和同位词从句。名词性从句的特点：that 、who、
whom、 what 、whether 及 when、 where 引导名词性从句时必须是陈述句词序：
1、主词从句：
That light travels in straight line is known to all .
(That 引导主语从句不可省)
When the plan is to take off hasn’t been announced . 主语从句通常以 it 做形主语出现
It was my fault that I had him play foatball all faternoon.
It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.
2、表语从句，即名词性从句放在表语位置就是表语从句，需要注意的，主语是 reason 时，表语要用 that 引导而不是 because.
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
3、宾语从句 that 常可以省略，并且注意时态呼应，当主句为过去时时，从句时态一定往前推移，不可出现现在时或现在完成时。
The teacher told us that Tomo had left us for America.
4、同位语从句注意与定语从句区别，同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明，在从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如：
The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.( 同位 idea 在从句中
无位置，而从句只是具体说明 idea 的内容)。
The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong .(定语从句，idea 做put forward 的宾语)。
