改错口诀 (一) 见到谓语找主语，主谓一致找状语 见到名词想多数，可不可数要记牢 见到平行看结构，形式功能要对称 见到代词找指代，指代通常不合理 小小of常抓的点，of前名词adj最高级 (二) 谓与非谓经常混 谓语句中就一个 其余动词非谓语 常见形式有三种 ving ved 和to do 主宾通常ving 现在分词表主动 过去分词表被动 目的要用不定式 改错要想拿高分 语法口诀要记牢 (三) 规则是说谎 lie lied lied 不规则是躺 lie lay lain 躺过就下蛋 lay laid laid 下蛋不规则
根据短文改错的命题特点， 我们可以按照以下四步进行备考快速练习。 第一步： 审题。通读全文， 了解大意。全面把握文章整体(时态、 题材及内容)。 第二步： 重读全文， 应先确定一些明显的错误， 以便疏通短文， 化繁为简， 为后面解题打开思路。许多问题可在这一阶段得到解决。从词法、 句法到行文逻辑三方面着手， 逐句而不是逐行地分析、 找错。 第三步： 综观全篇， 看错误类型的比例是否得当、 前后逻辑是否一致、 有无前后矛盾等现象。 第四步： 认真检查， 避免出现以下错误： 符号不规范; 一个词改为几个或几个改为一个; 该大写的未大写; 合成词只改了其中一部分等。 下面，我们根据词性不同， 来对改错题目进行分类解析。 动词的非谓语形式 一、动词不定式 1. 不定式可作主语。 2. 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时， 一般要用不定式的被动式。但是在某些形容词后面， 即使是这样， 也不用被动式。 3. 某些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语。 4. 当不定式作宾语， 且后面又有宾语补足语时， 通常用it作形式宾语来代替不定式， 而把不定式后置。 二、动词的-ing形式改错指导 以下动词只能跟-ing形式作宾语， 不能跟不定式。如： advise, admit, avoid, allow, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, appreciate, imagine, include, mention, miss, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand等。 三、过去分词改错指导 注意下列几组动词的-ing形式和过去分词之间的区别： surprising(令人吃惊的)， surprised(感到惊讶的); interesting(令人感兴趣的)， interested(感兴趣的); disappointing(令人失望的)， disappointed(感到失望的); encouraging(令人鼓舞的)， encouraged(感到鼓舞的) 练习 1. I was used to go to the cinema once a week. 2. He has never been heard speak ill of others. 3. We hear it say frequently that what present-day men most desire is security. 4. He always enjoys to read a detective story. 5. His father would not let him to go. 6. It is difficult to make yourself understand in English. 7. You should avoid to keep company with such people. 8. Smiling graciously, my offer was accepted by him. 9. You had better not to go there. 10. The doctor advised me giving up to smoke. 注释 1. was used to → used to， used to +动词原形表示过去的习惯， be used to+名词/动名词表示习惯的持续。 2. speak → to speak， 感观动词/使役动词改为被动语态时， 要将主动态时省去的“to”还原。 3. say → said， said是过去分词作补足语， 而it是形式主语。 4. to read → reading, enjoy其后只可加动名词。 5. to go → go, let是使役动词， 其后接不带to的不定式作补足语。 6. understand → understood, make oneself understood译为“使别人了解自己的意图即自己被别人理解”。 7. to keep → keeping， avoid其后加动名词作宾语。 8. my offer was accepted by him → he accepted my offer， 分词短语smiling graciously的动作执行者是he， 而不是my offer。 9. to go → go， had better其后接动词原形。 10.giving up to smoke → giving up smoking, advise sb. to do sth.,而give up其后接动名词或名词。从句与一致关系 一、 名词性从句 短文改错对名词性从句的考查侧重于连词的选择和从句的时态。 1. 检查语序是否正确。 2. 检查连接词是否误用。 3. 检查是否漏掉了连接词， 尤其是主语从句和同位语从句中的that。 4. 检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。 5. 检查主语从句与谓语的数是否一致。 6. 检查主语从句后置时， 作形式主语的it是否出现。 7. 检查有无if与whether的误用。 二、 定语从句 定语从句的改错主要涉及关系代词、 关系副词的运用以及定语从句中的主谓一致问题。 1. 判断关系代词及关系副词的使用是否正确。 2. 判断先行词与定语从句的谓语动词的数是否一致。 3. 检查关系代词的格的使用是否正确， 尤其是在关系代词作主语和介词前置时。 4. 检查有无关系副词与介词重复使用的情况。 5. 检查有无漏掉作主语的关系代词的情况。 6. 检查非限制性定语从句的关系代词使用是否正确。 7. 检查定语从句中除了关系代词或关系副词外， 是否还有多余的代词或副词。 三、 一致关系 1. 检查主谓在数上是否违背了语法一致的原则。 2. 检查主谓在数上是否违背了意义一致的原则。 3. 检查主谓在数上是否违背了邻近原则。 练 习 1. My roommate lives in a small town in central Missouri, a quiet town which I would like to live myself. 2. The United States is composed of fifty states; two of those are separated from the others by land or water. 3. What far is it from here to the station? 4. They want to know how they can do to help us. 5. —Who’s got all my money? —I do. 6. You smoke again! Why not to give it up? 7. These photos will show you how our village looks like. 8. Someone is at the door. Who is he? 9. —Those shirts are very expensive. —Do you know how they cost? 10. —Who you think is the richest man in this town? —I think Mr. Kim is. 注 释 1. which → where， to live → to live in， live是不及物动词。 2. of those → of which, those不是关系代词， 不可引导定语从句。 3. What → How, what修饰名词， 而how修饰形容词、 副词， 用于感叹句。 4. how → what， what作引导词， 同时作they can do中动词do的宾语。 5. I do → I have. 6. to give it up → give it up, why not其后接不带to的不定式。 7. how → what, 从句中looks like中的like是介词， 提问的是like后的宾语。 8. he → it. 9. how → how much/what. 10. who you think → who do you think， do you think是插入语， 去掉插入语， 应是陈述语序的疑问句。 倒装与省略 1. 检查是否有该倒装而未倒装的情况。 2. 检查是否有该省略而未省略的情况。 练 习 将下列各句改为倒装句， 并强调划线部分的语气。 1. The defeated army ran away, leaving many wounded soldiers. 2. We can know the past, but we only feel the future. 3. The news impressed me so strongly that I could not utter a word for some time. 4. Our eyes are opened only after we have made a mistake. 5. I have often heard it said that he is not trustworthy. 6. His faithful dog sat by his side. 7. We must in no case imagine that material comfort is the final goal of human happiness. 8. I never expected that the man would turn up at the meeting. 9. I found so many happy people nowhere else. 10. he said good-bye to me and he drove off. 注 释 1. Away ran the defeated army.... 2. ...but the future we only feel. 3. So strongly did the news impress me that.... 4. Only after we have made a mistake are our eyes opened. 5. Often have I heard it said.... 6. By his side sat his faithful dog.... 7. In no case must we imagine.... 8. Never did I expect that.... 9. Nowhere else did I find.... 10. He said good-bye to me, and off he drove.
有的同学基础
比较差，所以需要看看这些最基本规则 规则(1)：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。 在中文，我们常说“我是爱你的”，翻成英文，这就变成了 * I am love you. 滑稽的是，这句英文句子犯了大忌，因为"am″是动词，"love″也是动词，两个动词是不能联在一起用的。这句话 的正确说法是： I love you. 或者 I am in love with you. 我们中国人也会说"我喜欢看电视″，翻成英文，这变成 * I love watch television. 这个句子也犯了同样的错。 以下几个句子都是错的，因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形： * I hate eat fish. * I love play basketball. * I love swim. 如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”，怎么办呢?请看以下的规则。 规则(2)：如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。 “我爱游泳”，因此有两种正确的译法： I love to swim. I love swimming. 以下的句子都是正确的： I hate to eat fish. I hate eating fish. I love to play basketball. I love playing basketball I keep going to church. 规则(3)：主词如果是第三人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加 s. 我们中国人最不容易记得的规则，恐怕就是这一条了，以下的句子都是错的。 * He write very well. * Jack love playing the violin. * Mary swim every day. 正确的句子是： He writes very well. Jack loves playing the violin. Mary swims every day. 规则(4)：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。 我们中文对否定语气，规则极为简单，我们可以说“我不爱你”，但是我们不能说 * I not love you. 我们也不能说： * I not saw that movie. * I not like swimming. * He not likes playing violin. 我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子，以下才是正确的否定句子： I do not love you. I did not see that movie. He does not like playing violin. 请注意，在以上的句子中，do 和did 都是助动词，do 是现在式，did 是过去式。 关于现在式和过去式，究竟是怎么一回事，以后我们会解释清楚的。 助动词不限于“do”和它的变型，can、will、would、shall、may、must 等等都是助动词，因此，以下的英文句子又都是 对的： He can not swim. They will not go to church tomorrow. Mary should not go to the party. I shall not see you. He may not go out tonight. He must not eat meat any more.
规则(5)：在不定词“to”的后面，必须用原形动词 英文中的动词，是会变化的，以have 为例，第一人称和第三人就不同： I have a dog. He has a dog. 如果是过去式，动词又要变化。have 的过去式是had，不论第几人称，一概都要用had 。 几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化，以下是几个例子： 现在式 过去式 go went come came eat ate play played swim swam 不论那一个动词，都有一个原形动词，一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的，像go、drink、have、walk、love、like 等 等都是原形动词。 如果我们有必要要用不定词to，就必须用原形动词，例如to go、to drink、to have，都是正确的，*to went;*to drank; *to loved 等等都是错的。 英文中有一个动词最为麻烦，那就是am、are、is、was、were 等等，翻译成中文，这都是，而这些动词的来源都是 be，所以我们说这些动词都是verb to be。 以下的句子都用上了"be″ I want to be a teacher. He wants to be a good father. They all love to be rich. No one likes to be poor. 规则(6)：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意 英文中有很多动词都是助词动，在规则(4)中，我们说在绝大多数的否定语句中，必须用助动词do 或did。Do 是 原形动词，did 和does 都是do 的变形。 除了do 是助动词以外，can、may、might、will、would、must 也都是助动词。 以上所提到的助动词，都有一个共同的特色，那就是这些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词，以下的句子都是正确的： He can swim. He does not swim. I do not speak English. You must walk to work every day. I did not work yesterday. You may leave now. I will go to Taipei tomorrow. 以下的句子都是错的： * I did not went. * He does not goes to work. * You must walked to work. 除了以上的助动词以外，还有一个非常特殊的助动词，那就是have，在这个助动词的后面，动词绝对不能用原形动词， 以下是用这个助动词的例子： I have been to England. I have slept all day. I have studied English since I was a child. been、slept 和 studied 都是过去分词(past participle )，以下的句子也都是现在完成式，我们后讨论完成式的时候， 会将这些解释清楚的。 规则(7)：英文问句要有助动词 我们先看看以下的英文句子，这些都是错的： * How many books you wrote ? * How many sons you have ? 正确的句子是： Why do you drink so much water? How many books did you write? How many sons do you have? 绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词，以下全是正确的英文问句，你可以看出每一句的助动词吗? Do you love me? Did you go to school yesterday? How many books do you have? How much money does he have?
Why don’t you go back home ? Do you like to swim? Can you play violin? Will you go home tomorrow ? Would you give me a call? 当然啦，一旦动词是verb to be，我们又不需要助动词了，以下都是正确的英文问句： Are you a teacher? Is he a student? Is Mr. Chang your father? Were your mother and father in England last year? 规则(8)：特殊动词随主词的变化 英文中，有些动词因主词不同而改变，verb to be 是其中之一，因此，我们必须记得以下的规则： 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 I am You are (He，She，It )is 现在式 复数 We are You are They are 单数 I was You were (He，She，It )was 过去式 复数 We were You were They were Verb to have 也有类似的变化： 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 I have You have (He，She，It )has 现在式 复数 We have You have They have 单数 I had You had (He，She，It )had 过去式 复数 We had You had
