现在分词的否定式由not后加现在分词构成。如:
Not knowing what to do,she went to the teacher for help.她不知道该怎么办,就去请老师帮助。
I left at noon,not staying for lunch.我是中午走的,没有留下来吃午饭。
过去分词表否定时,常借助un-等前缀表示。如:
The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。
含有分词的复合宾语
分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。可有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get等等。如:
We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路。
We heard the children singing "I Love Beijing's Tian An Men"我们听见孩子们唱《我爱北京天安门》。
I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我发现故乡几乎全部改建过了。
在have或get后面的复合宾语中,宾语补足语多是过去分词,而它所表示的动作又往往由别人所完成。如:
We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。(请别人修)
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫别人修的)
If we have shortcomings,we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我们如果有缺点,就不怕别人批评指出。(请别人指出)
但have的复合宾语中的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成,而是表自己的经验。如:
He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是别人给弄折的,而是自己弄折的)
[注一]上述句子结构变为被动语态时,除主语和宾语互换位置外,分词不动。如上面的第一、二例句即可变为:
They were seen walking across the road.
The children were heard singing"I Love Beijing Tian An Men"。
[注二]现在分词在复合宾语中和动词不定式在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同。后者指事情的全过程,目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事;前者指正在继续的动作的一部分,目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前,其含义相当于进行时态。如:
I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼去了。(看见他上楼整个过程,只说明他上楼这件事)
I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的。(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分,说明他上楼的情景)
I was working in the room all morning· I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作,听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。(听见敲门整个过程)
When I went back to the room,I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌。(只听见一部分,回房间前她已开始唱了)