助动词
be的形式变化和动词be。be作为助动词的用法有下列几种:
1)be后跟动词的现在分词 可以构成各种进行时态。如:
The driver is cleaning the car.司机在擦车。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我们在讨论一个新的计划。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我国妇女在社会主义建设中正起着重要的作用。
2) be后跟动词的过去分词 可以构成被动语态。如:
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.许多消费品都是尼龙作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此举行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理内部停止营业。
3)be加动词不定式 有下列各种用法:
a)表示未来的安排或计划。如:
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表团定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回来。
b)表示必要或命令或问对方的意志。如:
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你们明天要交练习。
Where am I to put these tools? 这些工具应该放在什么地方?
What is to be done?怎么办?
c)表示"可能",与can或may相仿。如:
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能断定他今晚是否能来。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪儿也找不着我的钥匙。
d) be + about + 动词不定式则表计划即将,如:
The meeting is about to begin.会议即将开始。
have
的过去式是had。Have (had)作为助动词和过去分词一起,构成各种完成时态。如:
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我认识史密斯先生已经四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他还没有决定呢。
A woman came in with a baby,who had just swallowed a safety pin.一个妇女带进来一个刚吞进一个别针的婴儿。
[注] have的简略式是've,has的简略式是's,had的简略式是'd,如
I've,you've,he's,I'd,we'd,he'd,they'd等。