1993年6月大学英语四级考试阅读附试题和答案

　　Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example.

At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.

The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.

Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which is most hospitals includes only doctors.

21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient’s health conditions every day.（A）

22. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurse at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospital nurse get low salaries
D) compared with other hospital nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital（B）

23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ________.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C) the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate（C）

24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former ________.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit’s nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit’s nurses（D）

25. The author’s attitude towards the nurse system at Beth Israel Hospital is ________.
A) negative
B) critical
C) neutral
D) positive（D）

　　Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.

Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity（C）

27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink（C）

28. In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised（A）

29. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because ________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in “switching on” the lights（D）

30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills（A）