2013年12月四级考试新题型模拟试题十_第7页

　　61、Questions{TSE} are based onthe following passage.

　　A useful definition of an air pollutantis a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmospherein suchquantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or material adversely (有害地.. Air pollution requires avery flexibledefinition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution lawswere established inEngland in the fourteenth century, air pollutants werelimited to compounds that could be seen or smelled—a farcry (悬殊的差别. from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. Astechnology has developed andknowledge of the health aspects of variouschemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. Inthefuture, even water vapor (水蒸气. might be consideredan air pollutant under certain conditions.

　　Many of the more important airpollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides,arefound in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations ( 浓度. of these pollutants were altered byvariouschemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical (生物地球化学的. cycles. These serve as an airpurification scheme by allowing thecompounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis,nature'soutput of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities. However,human productionusually occurs in a localized area, such as a city.

　　In this localized region, human outputmay be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purificationscheme ofthe cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious ( 有害的. chemicals in the air. Theconcentrations atwhich the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations thatthe pollutants wouldhave in the absence of human activities. The actualconcentration need not be large for a substance to be apollutant; in fact thenumerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase thisrepresents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. Forexample, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at0.08 parts per million(ppm., which is about 400 times its natural level.Carbon monoxide, however, has a naturallevel of 0.1 ppm and is not usually apollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.

　　It can be inferred from thefirst paragraph that _________

　　A.water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areas

　　B.the definition of air pollution will continue to change

　　C.a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities

　　D.most air pollutants today can be seen or smelled

　　62、In what way can naturalpollutants play an important role in controlling air pollution?

　　A.They function as part of a purification process.

　　B.They are dwarfed by the pollutants produced by human activities.

　　C.They are less harmful to living beings than are other pollutants.

　　D.They have existed since the Earth developed.

　　63、According to the passage,the numerical value Of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if

　　A.the other substances in the area are known

　　B.it is a localized area

　　C.it can be calculated quickly

　　D.the naturally occurring level is also known

　　64、Which of the following isbest supported by the passage?

　　A.To effectively control pollution, local government should regularlyrevise the air pollution laws.

　　B.One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is tobetter enforce air pollution laws.

　　C.Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limitsfor all air pollutants.

　　D.Human activities have great impact on air pollution.

　　65、The passage mainlydiscusses _________

　　A.the economic impact on air pollution

　　B.how much damage air pollutants can cause

　　C.what constitutes an air pollutant

　　D.the quantity of compounds added to the atmosphere

　　Part IV Translation.(30minutes)

　　66、北京有无数的胡[司(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到l0个家庭的差不多20口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。