A. Fuzzy Numbers
几个:
两、三个:
五、六个:
十几个:
三十来个:
几十个:
几十年:
十几岁:
四十出头:
五十岁左右:
近八十岁了:
九十好几了:
五点左右:
三天左右:
大约150米处:
好几百:
成千上万,千千万万:
几十万:
几百万:
亿万:
B. Special Numbers
8%
15%
42%
4.35%
0.5%
4.032
71.006
1/2
1/3
1/4
3/5
7/8
1/10
1/100
1/1000
14/1000
1/10000
2-1/2
4-2/3
C. Numbers Related to Times
(1) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold.
(2) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.
(3) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-----125 times its area-----to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution.
(4) 去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍(为原来的两倍)。
(5) 过去20年中,中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。
(6) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米,增加1.4倍。
(7) 1997年, 全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人, 其中研究生18万人, 分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。
由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法,而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法,因此,减少多用百分数和分数表示。
例如: 由于水灾,去年的收成减少了三成。
Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent.
(8) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一,开支减少了四分之一。
D. Numbers Related to Percentage
“增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致,都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种:
1) 增/减了……%
increase/rise/grow…%
decrease/drop/fall/sink …%
increase/rise/grow/go up by …%
decrease/drop/fall/go down by …%
例句: Between 1986 and 1987, Nike's sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.
与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果,从1986到1987年, 耐克(鞋)的销售额下降了18%,利润下降了40%多。
(9) Procter & Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%.
(10) Spending on non-durables-----everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-----rose 30% last year.
(11) In America, the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent.
2) 与……相比,增/减了……%
increase/rise/grow /go up by …% (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to / over…
decrease/drop/fall/go down by …% (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /over…
(12)1999年,普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。
(13)同1997年相比,1998年工业排污减少了11.6%;家庭排污增加了2.6%。
3) 增/减率
be …% increase/ rise /growth…
be …% decrease/drop /decline…
a decrease / drop / decline of …%
be …% up /down …
be up / down…%
an increase / a rise / a growth rate of …%
(14)1999年,中国外贸出口达1949亿美元,比上年增长6.1%。
(15)1998年,中国全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次,比上年增长10.2%, 国际旅游收入达126亿美元, 增长4.4%。
4) 增/减具体数字的英译也可用 “by” +具体数字来表示
(16)我国水土流失面积每年以10,000平方公里的速度在扩大。目前,水土流失面积已达367万平方公里,占总土地面积将近38%。
E. Practice for Sight Interpreting
World Population
With its two giants, China and India, Asia is the home of the majority of the world’s 6 billion human inhabitants,and Africa the second most popular continent. The UN population fund said in its 1998 report on population growth, Asia counts 3.5 billion people. Its most populous countries are China, with 1.2 billion plus another 6.3 million in Hong Kong and India with 975.8 million, followed far behind by Indonesia with 125.9 million and Bangladesh with 124 million.
India, which has continued to hold the record for a higher birth rate than China, is expected to grow in the year 2025 to 1.3 billion residents.
The projected population for all of Asia in the year 2025 is 4.7 billion.
In Africa, the UN Population Fund reported counted 778.5 million residents, with 1.4 billion anticipated in 2025.
Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country with 121.8 million residents. Egypt is next with 65.7 million, followed by Ethiopia with 62.1 million, the Democratic Republic of Congo with 49.2 million, and South Africa with 44.3 million.
Nigeria, the DRC and Ethiopia are expected to double their population in one generation by the year 2025.
The European continent counts 729.4 million residents, with Russia still the most populous country at 147.2 million, though its population growth is declining. Germany is next with 82.4 million.
Europe, according to the UN report is the sole continent whose population is expected to decline, dropping to 701.1 million residents in the year 2025.
North America, with the United States and its 273.8 million residents counts 304.1 million people, though the number is expected to rise to 369 million in 2025.
2000年第五次全国人口普查主要数据
国家统计局今天公布了2000年第五次全国人口普查结果:
一、总人口
全国总人口为129533万人。其中:
祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市(不包括福建省的金门、马祖等岛屿,下同)和现役军人的人口共126583万人。
香港特别行政区人口为678万人。
澳门特别行政区人口为44万人。
台湾省和福建省的金门、马祖等岛屿人口为2228万人。
二、人口增长
祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口,同第四次全国人口普查1990年7月1日0时的113368万人相比,十年零四个月共增加了13215万人,增长11.66%。平均每年增加1279万人,年平均增长率为1.07%。
三、总人口性别构成
祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中,男性为65355万人, 占总人口的51.63%;女性为61228万人,占总人口的48. 37% 。 性别比(以女性为100,男性对女性的比例)为106︰74。
四、年龄构成
祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中,0-14 岁的人口为28979万人。占总人口的22.89%;15-64 岁的人口为88793 万人, 占总人口的70.15%;65岁及以上的人口为8811万人,占总人口的6.96%。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比,0-14岁人口的比重下降了4.80个百分点,65岁及以上人口的比重上升了1.39个百分点。
五、民族构成
祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中,汉族人口为115940万人,占总人口的91.59%;少数民族人口为1064万人,占总人口的8.41%。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比,汉族人口增加了11692万人,增长了11.22%;各少数民族人口增加了1523万人,增长了16.70%。
A. Abbreviations
UNESCO 联合国教科文组织
UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会
IMF 国际货币基金
WTO 世界贸易组织
APEC 亚太经合组织(亚洲太平洋经济合作组织)
OPEC 石油输出国组织
NATO 北约(北大西洋公约组织)
CPC 中国共产党
NPC 全国人民代表大会
CPPCC 中国人民政治协商会议
CAAC 中国民航
CCTV 中央电视台
PLA 中国人民解放军
HKSAR 香港特别行政区
GDP 国民生产总值
NASA 美国宇航局
FBI 美国联邦调查局
GM 美国通用汽车公司
B. Mathematical Signs
∴ 所以
∵ 因为
= 等于或就是,意味着
≠ 不等于,不是
≈ 大约,大概,左右
> 大于,多于,比…大
< 小于,少于,比…小
C. Self-created Signs
× 不同意,不赞成,错误,不正确
√ 同意,赞成,正确
→ 从某地到某地,从某时到某时,导致,引起
← 过去,回忆,返回,后退,倒退
↓ 下降,降低,减少,向下
↑ 上升,提高,增加,向上
□← 来访,进入,进口,引进外资,来华投资
□→ 出访,外出,出口,海外投资
☆ 杰出,优秀,最佳,突出,标兵,榜样
∽ 交换,交流,交替, 互换
3—, — 300,000
5,—, — 5,000,000
D. Prefix or Suffix
-ism: m 例如:socialism Sm
-tion: n 例如:standardization (标准化) stdn
-cian: o 例如:technician techo
-ing : g 例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTg
-ed : d 例如:accepted acptd
-able/ible/ble : bl 例如:available avbl
-ment : mt 例如:amendment amdmt
-ize : z 例如:recognize regz
-ful : fl 例如:meaningful mnfl
A.Interpreting Titles
1. 以“总……”表示的首席长官,可选择general、chief、head这类词表示。
总书记:
总工程师:
总会计师:
总经理:
总代理:
总教练:
2.一些行业的职称头衔,直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示,可用"senior"来称呼。
高级记者:
高级讲师:
3. “首席”英语常用chief来表达。
首席执行官:
首席运营官:
首席顾问:
首席检察官:
4. 还有一些高级职务带“长”字,例如:
参谋长:
护士长:
秘书长:
5. 以“副”字的表示副职的行政职务头衔,可用vice、deputy表达。
副总统:
副主席:
副总理:
副秘书长:
副书记:
副市长:
6.学术头衔的“副”职称,常用associate表示。
副教授:
副研究员:
副审判长:
副主任医师:
7.学术头衔中的初级职称如“助理”,我们可以用assistant来称呼。
助理教授:
助理研究员:
助理工程师:
8. 一般说来,“代理”可译作acting,例如:
代理市长:
代理总理:
代理主任:
9. 常务”可以用“managing"表示。
常务理事:
常务副校长:
10. 执行”可译作executive
执行秘书:
执行主席:
11. 还有很多称谓的英语表达方式难以归类,这就需要我们日积月累,逐步总结。例如:
办公室主任:
车间主任:
客座教授:
村长:
税务员:
股票交易员:
12. 最后是我们国家特有的一些荣誉称号的口译。
劳动模范:
优秀员工:
标兵:
三好学生:
B. Cooking Methods
1. 炒(stir-frying),是指锅内放油、油烧熟,下生料炒熟。然而“炒蛋”的英语却是scrambled egg,不译fried egg。”
2. 煎(pan-frying),即在锅内放上少量的油,待油达到一定温度后将菜料放入锅内进行短时间的烹煮,如煎鸡蛋(pan-fried egg)。
3. 爆(quick-frying),是旺火热油,原料下锅后快速操作。要求刀工处理粗细一致,烹前备好调味品,动作要麻利迅速。如爆大虾(quick-fried shrimps)。
4. 炸(deep-frying), 将主料挂糊或不挂糊下热油锅,由生炸熟的方法,外焦里嫩。如五香炸鸡翅(deep-fried chicken wing with spicy flavour)。如再细分,还可分为干炸(dry deep-frying),软炸(soft deep-frying)和酥炸(crisp deep-frying)。
5. 烧(braising),是先将主料用油炸过或用火焯过,再加上辅料,兑入汤汁煨至熟烂的方法。“用酱油来烧,叫红烧——braising with soy sauce,”或braising in brown sauce。
6. 煮(boiling),指在锅里放入水或有调料的沸汤,将锅放在慢火上烧,再放入菜肴,时间可长可短,由事物的品种和食者口味而定。“煮还可分速煮(instant boiling),北方的涮羊肉instant boiled mutton,广东的‘打边炉’chafing dish也属此类,和快煮(quick boiling)。”
7. 蒸(steaming),是将生料或半熟原料,加调料调味后上笼屉蒸熟的方法。如荷叶粉蒸肉(steamed flour-coated pork wrapped in lotus leaves)。
8. 煲/炖/煨/焖/卤(simmering/stewing),这五种烹调方法基本相同,都是将食物放在水、汤或汁之中,用文火慢慢加热,用火时间一般较长,如炖栗子鸡(stewed chicken with chestnuts),煨牛肉(simmered beef)。“在水中煲是stewing in water,将食物放在水中煲,如广东肇庆的‘剑花猪肉汤’译为stewed port soup with crab cactus flowers。隔水炖是stewing out of water,用于炖补品。淮杞炖生鱼是stewed snakehead fish with Chinese yam and fruits of Chinese wolfberry。倘若放进味汁里煮,那就是‘卤’-—stewing in gravy 了。”
9. 熏(smoking),通常是将宰杀后的禽肉野味,用调料香料调制后,用特殊的树木柴禾熏烤而熟,这种菜肴往往具有独特风味。如熏山鸡(smoked pheasant)。
10. 烘烤铁烧:铁烧(broiling或grilling)是将食物放在铁板或铁架上用明火烤。烧烤(roasting)是在火上,火前或在铁架上烧。烘(baking)指将食物放在密闭的烘炉里或铁板或铁架上用明火烤,食物与火不直接接触。浇油烧(basting)是指在食物烧烤过程中不时浇淋调味油,以防烤焦。要知道这些烹调方法的味道,不妨尝一尝奶油烧鱼柳(grilled fish with butter sauce),铁烧牛扒(grilled beefsteak),烧乳猪(roast suckling pig)。”
11. 白灼(scalding或blanshing),将食物放在沸水中烫熟,然后取出再放佐料或用热锅炒。此法主要用于新鲜海味,如白灼海螺片(scalded sliced conch)。
C. Interpreting Dishes
Clay oven rolls
Fried bread stick
Boiled dumplings
Steamed dumplings
Steamed buns
Rice and vegetable roll
Egg cakes
100-year egg
Soybean milk
Fried rice with egg
Rice porridge
Sliced noodles
Sesame paste noodles
Duck with noodles
Seafood noodles
Fried rice noodles
Egg & vegetable soup
Seaweed soup
凉面:
元宵:
馄饨:
油条:
花卷:
锅贴:
包子:
窝窝头:
北京烤鸭:
香酥鸡:
醋溜子鸡:
糖醋黄鱼:
青椒肉片:
鱼香肉丝:
煨牛肉:
涮羊肉:
五香牛肉:
红烧狮子头:
芙蓉虾仁:
麻婆豆腐:
什锦炒饭:
炸酱面:
A. How to Propose a Toast?
1.Addressing the party
2.Extending welcome or expressing thanks
3.Significance of the current visit or of the activity
4.Good wishes
5.Toasts
1. Addressing the party
(中国)同胞们 (美国)同胞们
(港澳台和海外华人)同胞们
老师们、同学们、朋友们
各位企业家代表
亲爱的运动员们
尊敬的各位国家元首、政府首脑和王室代表
尊敬的各位使节、代表和夫人
尊敬的胡锦涛主席和夫人
尊敬的布什总统和夫人
总统先生
总统女士
总理先生
国王和王后陛下
各位殿下
2. Extending welcome
1) I wish to extend my warm welcome to you.
2) Allow me, first of all, to extend my warm welcome to the Chinese Delegation who have been invited to this country by this Company.
3) On behalf of the Textiles Corporation, I wish to warmly welcome you, Mr. Smith, and all the members of the Canadian Mission.
4) It is a great pleasure for me to preside at this dinner given by our trade mission (贸易代表团) in honor of the Chinese foreign trade officials.
3. Expressing thanks
for myself and for our entire delegation,
on behalf of all the members of my delegation and in my own name,
for our Group and myself,
express my heartfelt thanks to you
A warm gratitude to you and through you to Mr. Smith
for your kind invitation to visit China.
4. Good wishes
“May…!”
“I wish … a success!”
祝愿我们的友谊长存。
祝中美两国关系和两国人民友谊取得更大发展。
我谨向伟大的美国人民转达13亿中国人民的诚挚问候和良好祝愿!
5. Toasts
现在我提议,为了大会的圆满成功,为了各位来宾的身体健康,干杯!
Now I propose a toast, to the success of the conference and the health of all the distinguished guests here, cheers!
请允许我请各位与我一起举杯,为我们两家公司的友谊与合作干杯!
Now may I propose a toast, to the success of the conference and the health of all the distinguished guests here, cheers!
B. Practice for Interpreting
1. 我一定向他转达您的问候和邀请.
2. 欢迎多提宝贵意见.
3. 不虚此行
4. 您的日程很紧,我们的会见是否就到此为止.
5. 欢迎美商来北京投资.
6. 愿为您效劳。
7. 请代我问候...先生
8.欢迎以后多来北京
9.请留步,不用送了.
10.为…举行宴会/宴请
11. 很高兴再次见到各位新老朋友
12.我感到很荣幸能够有机会到上海跟你们交谈。
13.我很高兴在美丽的日内瓦与各位相聚一堂。
14.很高兴今天能在此就“全球化”这一主题和大家来谈谈我的想法。
15.今天,我们很高兴在这里欢聚一堂,庆祝人民共和国成立六十周年。
Practice for Spot Dictation
Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage only once.
In the early 1970's, Citibank of New York City became one of the first financial institutions to install ATM's on a large scale. Since then, the_______(1) of automated teller machines has increased dramatically. At the time, the bank hoped________ (2) their operating costs by replacing human tellers with machines. Little did they _______ (3) that the cash machines would become so successful. However, as more banks added_______ (4) automated service through ATM's, the machines mushroomed all over the world.
To use an ATM, all you need is a _______(5) issued by your bank. Your bank may also_______(6) through a credit card, such as MasterCard or Visa. To begin a _______(7), you need to insert the card into an ATM and punch in a personal identification number on the _______(8). The personal ID number may consist of_______(9) and can prevent anyone from using the card.
The ATM next flashes instructions on its_______(10) for carrying out transaction. To get cash, for example, you are instructed to _______(11) that indicate whether the money should be withdrawn form a checking or a savings account and the _______(12). This request is then displayed on the screen. After you press a button to _______(13) that the information is correct, the ATM goes to _______(14).
How safe, you may ask, is banking by ATM? The_______(15) is meant to prevent anyone, no matter who you are, from using a cash card________(16). If you enter the wrong ID number for a card, a message on the screen will_______(17). If you enter the wrong ID number for 3 times, most machines will_______(20). As another precaution against_______(19), the bank generally limits the amount that may be withdrawn by cash card______(20), say, to $200.
Practice for Listening and Translation (A)
I. Sentence Translation
Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
II. Passage Translation
Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in you ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.
(1)
(2)
Practice for Listening and Translation (B)
I. Sentence Translation
Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
II. Passage Translation
Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in you ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.
(1)
(2)
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