4.1.3 职权(Authorization)、责任(Accountability)、职责(Responsibility)、授权(Delegation)、权利(Power)定义及区别
*Authority定义:the decision making discretion 做决策的权利(right to do something)
*Power定义:ability to do something
*Power is delegated downwards & responsibility cannot be delegated
*Accountability is rendered upwards
*Responsibility:obligation to perform duties义务、职责
*Accountability:下对上的责任、obligation义务
Authorization:上向下的授权、position power职权、有权力做某事
Delegation:权力下放。上级下放权力,下级对上级负有责任
Power:有能力(authority、right)做某事
Delegation授权的好处:培训、激励、评估、决策
*Power能力的分类
Legitimate /position power:与particular job有关、类似authority
Expert power:专业技能expertise
Reward/resource power:对资源resources/reward的控制,比如同意晋升或奖金
Coercive/physical power:上级对下级的惩罚或威胁
Referent/personal power:个人影响influence他人行为的能力
Negative power:破坏性的态度或行为阻止发生
*Authority的分类:3中
Characteristics authority:魅力型
Traditional authority:传统型
Rational legal authority:官僚型
4.1.4 领导能力理论三大学派及各自特点、Style学派代表人物及内容(Ashridge—MGM分类、Blake and Mouton—MGM Grid)、Contingent学派代表人物及内容(Fiedler—PDM&PCM,Adair—ACL)、Helfetz的Dispersed Leadership观点
*Key leadership skills:4个 主要领导才能
Entrepreneurship、interpersonal、decision-making & problem solving、self-development
*领导能力理论的三大学派:trait(qualities人格特质理论)、style(领导风格)、contingency(权变理论、领导风格根据员工特点而改变) P297
Trait:领导生来的特质certain characteristics common to successful leader
Style:两种极端情况:完全关注任务(Authoritarian)、完全关注员工(Democratic)
Style:代表人物(Ashridge—MGM分类、Blake and Mouton—MGM Grid)
*Ashridge:Management College Model领导分类4类
Tells(autocratic):领导做所有决策、按照交代的做——专制
Sells(persuasive):领导做所有决策、但员工需被激励
Consults(咨询):领导考虑下级的观点、最后还是领导决策
Joins(democratic):领导和下级一起做决策、consensus达成一致
*Blake and Mouton:Management Grid方格理论(关心工作、关心员工)、*5个特殊点
1.1 Impoverished:双low型:对工作、员工都不关心
9.9 Team:双high型:
5.5 Middle Road(dampened pendulum):对工作、员工平衡关心
1.9 Country Club:对员工关心、不关心工作
9.1 Task management:对工作关心、对员工不关心
Contingency:根据变量而变化、*代表人物(Fiedler—PDM&PCM,Adair—ACL)
*Fiedler:研究领导力的本质——部分因为态度attitude,部分取决于环境situation
*领导的分类:PDMs(authoritarian和下级保持距离、注重工作)、PCMs(Democratic和下级亲近、关系好)
*影响领导有效的因素:上下级之间的关系、工作任务的结构清晰度、领导拥有的权利如何
*高效领导的情形(对领导者有利):
员工敬爱爱戴领导、任务结构清晰、领导权利至高
*Fiedler建议:PDM(structured)无论情形好坏都OK、PCM只有在favourable的时候才OK(work best)
*John Adair:行为中心领导(ACL)模型(建立在情况或功能之上、注重领导做了什么)
三个变量:任务需求task、组员个人需求team member、小组需求group
Effective leadership is a process of identifying and acting on that priority, exercising a relevant cluster of roles to meet the various needs. (有效领导需考虑以上三个变量)
任务需求:initiating、information-seeking、diagnosing、opinion-seeking、evaluating、decision-making(发起、信息寻找、诊断、意见寻找、评估、做决定)
组员个人需求:goal-setting、feedback、recognition、counselling、training(建立目标、反馈、意识、讨论、培训)
小组需求:encouraging、peace-keeping、clarifying、standard-seeking(鼓励、保持和睦、清晰化、标准寻找)
步骤:定义任务、计划、概述、控制、评估、激励、组织、建立模版
Heifetz:Dispersed Leadership(组织中的任何一个人都可以发挥领导力和影响力)