ACCA F1易混淆概念:Stakeholder, Shareholder以及Stockholder
在日常学习中,经常会有学员困惑于stakeholder,shareholder以及stockholder之间的区别,本次我们就详细的讲解一下这三者分别是什么意思。
Shareholder和Stockholder:股东
A shareholder or stockholder is an individual or institution (including a corporation) that legally owns a share of stock in a public or private corporation.
二者用法没有太大区别,都可理解为“股东”的意思。如果硬要区分,那么微小区别是前者规模比较小,而后者规模一般形容大型公司持股。但在我们ACCA考试中,一般使用Shareholder.
Stakeholder:利益相关群体。
“Any group or individual who can affect or be affected by the achievement of an organisation's objectives.”
利益相关群体可以有很多种分类方法,本次我们依据利益相关群体的“相对位置”,可以将其分为三类,分别是:内部的、外部的以及有关联的(internal; external; connected)。
1. 内部的利益相关群体:
内部相关群体一般包括directors, company secretary, managers and general employees.
2. 外部利益相关群体:
外部相关群体一般包括government (national and local), lobbying groups (e.g. environmentalists), local communities, regulators and external auditors.
3. 有关联的利益相关群体:
有关联的利益相关群体一般包括shareholders, suppliers, customers, finance creditors and trade unions.从这里我们可以看出,利益相关群体包括股东。
关于利益相关群体理论,我们需要了解到的是:
利益相关者理论认为,企业是其与各种利益相关者结成的一系列契约,是各种利益相关者协商、交易的结果,无论是投资者、管理人员、员工、顾客、供应商,还是政府部门、社区等,他们都对企业进行了专用性投资并承担由此所带来的风险。因此,为了保证企业的持续发展,除了股东以外,企业也应当向其他利益相关者负责,在企业治理过程中要兼顾内部和外部有关权益主体的利益。
Summary
Stakeholders fall into three categories:
1. Internal─work in the company, such as directors, the secretary, management and employees.
2. Connected─usually have a contractual relationship with the organisation, such as shareholders, suppliers, customers, finance creditors and trade unions.
3. External─affect or are affected by the organisation's actions, such as government, communities, lobbyists and pressure groups, and external auditors.